1. APEC 2023 – Our World-Class Meeting Returns to Orlando
   
2. You Are Invited to the 2022 PSMA Planning Meeting
   
3. Meet Your Directors
   
4. About Our Members
   
5. Welcome to PSMA
   
6. PSMA Launches Webinar Series to Prepare for the Next Power Technology Roadmap
   
7. APEC 2023 Sponsors Continue Student Attendance Support Program
   
8. Vehicle Electrification – The Latest Trends and Technologies
   
9. 2023 PSMA Magnetics Committee and IEEE PELS High Frequency Magnetics Workshop
   
10. PSMA and PELS to Sponsor Pre-APEC Capacitors in Power Electronics Workshop
    
11. The Fourth International Symposium on 3D Power Electronics Integration and Manufacturing
    
12. The 9th IEEE/PSMA Workshop on Wide Bandgap Power Devices & Applications
    
13. When Peak Power Matters in Medical Applications
    
14. Empowering High-Voltage AC Applications with Monolithic GaN Bidirectional Switches
    
15. Events of Interest – Mark Your Calendar
    

If you or anyone in your company is interested in getting on the distribution list for future issues of PSMA UPDATE, please send e-mail to: power@psma.com. Be sure to include your name and the name of your company.

Previous issues of update: Q4_2021 | Q1_2022 | Q2_2022

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PSMA UPDATE is published and distributed via e-mail quarterly by the Power Sources Manufacturers Association. Send editorial information and comments to:

Permission to reprint information and articles as published is granted: a courtesy line is appreciated.

Membership in PSMA is open to any organization or corporation involved in the power sources and supplies industry. For membership information, visit our website or contact us by fax, telephone or email.

If you or anyone in your company is interested in getting on the distribution list for future issues of PSMA UPDATE, please send e-mail to: power@psma.com. Be sure to include your name and the name of your company.

 

ttendees of the Applied Power Electronics Conference (APEC) will converge in Orlando, FL, March 19-23, 2023. It's been 11 years since APEC was last held in Orlando and it should be great to return to this mecca of family fun and entertainment.

Preparations for our annual world-class, global power electronics conference are well underway. The conference committee is tasked with selecting the nearly 600 peer-reviewed papers from all of those submitted for presentation. A full suite of Industry Sessions as well as a complete schedule of half-day Professional Education Seminars are also being assembled. The Plenary Session Committee is lining up a great selection of industry luminaries to keynote our conference. The Tuesday evening Rap Sessions will again provide entertaining and informative debates.  And, of course, the Exhibit Hall, starting with the hosted reception on Monday evening and continuing Tuesday and Wednesday, will provide attendees with opportunities to speak to manufacturers about their latest product advances. 

Remember, you need to register to get access to the discounted hotel reservations. These special hotel blocks will sell out well before March.

On the Saturday prior to the start of APEC2023, PSMA and PELS will again be sponsoring two workshops, the eighth High Frequency Magnetics Workshop and the sixth Capacitor Workshop. For more information see the articles on each workshop in this issue of the UPDATE.

Speaking for all of us on the APEC Conference Committee, I invite you to come to Orlando to be part of our annual gathering. You really don't want to miss it.  Check the APEC website for details
.
If you haven't already made plans to attend, don't wait any longer. Be sure you have it in your 2023 budget to attend this exceptional event – truly The Premier Event in Applied Power Electronics™

Provided by Greg Evans, APEC 2023 Publicity Chair

Hyatt Regency Orlando, Photo by Leonard J. DeFrancisci

ll members of PSMA companies are invited to attend the 2022 PSMA Planning Meeting and to offer their inputs and suggestions for the projects and activities the Association should focus on in the coming year. The meeting will take place on Saturday October 15, at the Hyatt Regency Orlando, in Orlando, FL.

The Board of Directors relies on the inputs generated at the Annual Planning Meetings to identify, consider and select programs for the coming year that will bring benefits to the PSMA membership. For example, initiatives generated at recent Planning Meetings have resulted in the 3D-PEIM workshops, the Energy Efficiency and Safety & Compliance Database projects and increased collaboration with industry organizations including CPSS, iNEMI, IPC and others.

This year's meeting will begin with a brief review of the year-to-date accomplishments and a summary of ongoing activities by Fred Weber, Chairman of the PSMA. This will be followed by an update of the six-quarter financial forecast from Treasurer Tim McDonald.

Most of the meeting will feature reports from the active PSMA committees and an open forum to introduce and discuss ideas for special projects, initiatives, and priorities for the coming months. All members of PSMA Companies are encouraged to provide inputs. If you cannot attend the meeting in person, email suggestions to power@psma.com and they will be considered and included in the discussions. In the coming months, the PSMA Executive Committee will summarize the results of the meeting and prioritize which projects and initiatives should be included in the focus for the next year.

The APEC 2023 Conference Committee will meet in the morning prior to the PSMA Planning Meeting, to discuss plans for APEC 2023 and the program including technical sessions, professional education seminars, rap sessions, and industry presentations for the conference in March 2023. Since PSMA is a co-sponsor of APEC all members are invited to participate and contribute in this important activity.

If you plan to attend the 2022 PSMA Planning Meeting, please email the Association Office at power@psma.com. We look forward to seeing many of you at these important meetings.

our members of the Board of Directors are elected at the PSMA Annual Meeting held every year, usually during the APEC conference. Each Director serves a three-year term and is eligible to be reelected for one additional term. In this issue we would like to introduce you to Dhaval Dalal and Renee Yawger.

Dhaval Dalal
Principal, ACP Technologies

Dhaval Dalal is a power electronics consultant, specializing in power architecture definition, design guidance, competitive benchmarking and evaluation/refinement of strategic direction all geared towards renewable energy proliferation and high efficiency power solutions. 

From 2014-2020, Dhaval was at ON Semiconductor, where as a Business Unit Director, he was responsible for defining and providing components for high power solutions to customers. His prior experience includes stints at TI/Unitrode, Digital Equipment Corporation and Philips Laboratories.

Dhaval's educational background includes a B.Tech. (EE) from IIT-Bombay, an MSEE from Virginia Tech and a Master's in Management of Technology from NTU. He is currently pursuing a PhD in Electrical Engineering at ASU in the field of renewable energy integration. He has published and presented more than 25 technical articles, papers and invited talks. He serves as the co-chair of the PSMA (Power Sources Manufacturers' Association) Power Technology Roadmap Committee and on the Board of Directors of PSMA and is also a participant in the iNEMI roadmap activity. Dhaval has served as a co-chair of Industry Sessions Program Committee for APEC since 2021.  Dhaval holds five U.S. patents.

Provided by Dhaval Dalal, Principal, ACP Technologies

Renee Yawger
Director of Marketing at Efficient Power Conversion (EPC),
Director Corporate Marketing at EPC Space

Renee Yawger has over 25 years of sales and marketing experience within the semiconductor industry. Prior to joining EPC, she was at Vishay Siliconix for nearly 15 years in various positions in sales support, customer service, and regional marketing. At EPC, Renee is responsible for the product marketing and marketing communications functions globally.

Renee serves as Vice President of the Power Sources Manufactures Association (PSMA) as well as a member of the Semiconductor Committee, involved with organizing session(s) on semiconductor devices and applications for the Applied Power Electronics Conference (APEC). She also contributed to the 2022 PSMA Power Technology Roadmap, authoring the chapter on GaN Discrete Devices Under 200 V, and as a co-author on the chapter on GaN ICs.  Renee is a contributing author to the textbook GaN Power Devices and Applications.

Provided by Renee Yawger, Director of Marketing, Efficient Power Conversion (EPC)

ith over 100 years of technological innovation, KEMET helps make a wide variety of products possible in the world's most rapidly expanding industries. Our components are found in spacecrafts and defibrillators - from outer space to inside our bodies, and in products we use every day. We have the broadest selection of capacitor technologies in the industry, including an expanding range of electromechanical devices and electromagnetic compatibility solutions.

Holding more than 1,600 patents and trademarks worldwide, we have established a leading position for our products via our advanced R&D, technical staff and design-in capabilities. We are dedicated to research and materials science with innovation centers around the globe. Our quality objective is zero defects. We provide unparalleled customer service, with 100% on-time delivery and ship over 50 billion components per year to 180,000 customers around the world. We are easy to design in and easy to buy from. With global manufacturing facilities, international sales offices, and a broad distribution network, we are close to you and where you are.

KEMET's Portfolio of Products and Solutions:

• Trusted global supplier for most Tier 1 automotive companies

• Class I dielectrics C0G (NP0) and U2J
• High Voltage MLCC's rated ≥ 500 volts
• Commitment to large case size MLCC's from 0805 – 3640 (EIA)

• World's #1 producer 
• Vertically integrated and conflict-free
  tantalum sourcing

• 1st to market automotive
• 1st to market 150°C automotive

• Leading global supplier of Powertrain
• DC-Link and Film Caps for on-board applications for EVs
• Trusted supplier for automotive, industrial, and alternative energy customers

• Alternative energy systems and power conversion
• Electrification in automotive
• EMI Filtering

• Film Based Actuators
• Revolutionary High Definition Haptic
• Thin film actuators add haptic skin to any device embedded in product surface to create:
• Localized, independent sensations anywhere on the surface
• Natural, organic, authentic touch sensations

• Axial/Crown capacitors for high current/high vibration/high Temp. Automotive applications
• Aluminum polymer/Hybrid technology for future growth in automotive and Industrial applications
• Snap-in & Press-Fit Automotive solution for EV on-board charger
• Rectangular (space efficient/stackable) and module solutions

• 1st to market noise suppression solutions

• Automotive, industrial, and medical markets
• Magnetic and metal composite powder materials
• Customization capabilities and solutions

• Piezo ceramic and magnetic materials for sensor applications
• Devices with specialized requirements
• Plug and sense capabilities from component to complete modules
• Materials science development 
• High reliability and high precision products
• Easy to design in customization capabilities and solutions

Sustainability is a large part of our culture, and we conduct business in a sustainable way, demonstrating our commitment towards the environment, our employees, and the communities where we operate. We are a trusted provider for the transportation, medical, defense, aerospace, industrial, communications, and consumer product industries. All around the world, in all types of products, we are built into tomorrow.

On June 15, 2020, KEMET was acquired by YAGEO Corporation.  The combined organization will be a powerhouse of electronic passive components with a leading product portfolio of polymer, tantalum, ceramic, film and electrolytic capacitors, chip resistors, circuit protection as well as magnetics, sensors, actuators, and inductors all addressing a full range of end markets. Additionally, the company will have an enhanced global footprint and will be better able to partner with long-standing, blue-chip customers worldwide.

Provided by Andrew Mikulski, Field Application Engineer, KEMET, a Yageo Company

MacDermid Alpha Electronics Solutions
Gyan Dutt
109 Corporate Blvd.
South Plainfield, NJ 07080
Telephone: 908-791-3000
E-mail: Gyan.Dutt@MacDermidAlpha.com
Web Site: www.macdermidalpha.com

MacDermid Alpha Electronics Solutions is a leading provider of material and process solutions for power electronics packaging and assembly solutions. They work with power components, power modules and power conversion systems manufacturers to enable high power density and reliability products for automotive (especially electric vehicle drivetrain), power transmission and industrial power conversion applications.

MacDermid Alpha Electronics Solutions enables electronics interconnection through the innovative specialty chemicals and materials from their Alpha, Compugraphics, Electrolube, Kester, and MacDermid Enthone brands. The company serves all global regions and all steps of device manufacturing within every segment of the electronics supply chain with world class technical service to ensure optimized outcomes in yield and productivity in addition to increasing throughput, reducing carbon footprints, lowering total cost of ownership, and enabling electronics innovation.

NexGen Power Systems
Toni Anne
3151 Jay Street, Suite 201
Santa Clara, CA 95054
Telephone: +91 80955 04979
E-mail: toni.anne@nexgenpowersystems.com
Website: www.nexgenpowersystems.com/

NexGen is a premier vertically integrated power electronics company that develops and manufactures innovative power systems with revolutionary NexGen Vertical GaN™ semiconductor technology. NexGen is headquartered in California with a Vertical GaN™ï¸ fabrication facility in Syracuse, New York, a Center of Excellence in Bangalore, India, and sales offices in China, Japan, and South Korea.

NexGen is changing the power electronics equation and helping customers stay ahead of the competition by providing them solutions for a more sustainable world. NexGen builds innovative Vertical-GaN based systems that enable the next generation of power conversion. Smaller, lighter, and more efficient, NexGen Vertical-GaN™ based software-scalable power systems have the lowest power losses at the highest power density compared to competitors.

Nichicon
Toshiya Yamamoto
927 E. State Parkway
Schaumburg, IL 60173
Telephone: 847-843-7500
E-mail: info@nichicon-us.com
Web Site: www.nichicon.co.jp/english/

For over 50 years, Nichicon has dedicated itself to supplying electronic component distributors and customers with high-quality products. Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are the company's specialty, but so is commitment to excellence: Nichicon's numerous awards from valued distributors and partners speak to its desire to deliver a first-rate product, every time.

Nichicon America is headquartered in Schaumburg; IL; Nichicon Corporation is headquartered in Kyoto, Japan and has numerous manufacturing facilities in Japan, China, and Southeast Asia.

Storm Power Components
Rick Whistler
240 Industrial Park Lane
Decatur, TN 37303
Telephone: 423-334-4800
E-mail: rwhistler@stormpower.com
Web Site: stormpowercomponents.com

Storm Power Components is a leading manufacturer of copper and aluminum bus bars, and vertically integrated manufacturer of Custom Electrical Interconnects. From back-up power systems, cell towers, and sub stations, to earth-moving equipment, motive power, and alternative energy applications, their industrial-strength copper components are trusted around the world to power, connect, and protect critical stored energy solutions.

Storm Power Components originated in 1990 as Signaltek, a manufacturer of custom cable assemblies.  As a manufacturer supporting the telecom and battery industries, the company evolved into more complicated bus and assemblies. Today, Storm Power Components manufactures over 6 million bus bars each year to customers all over the globe. The industries supported range from telecom and generators to radar systems and aerospace.

This Online webinar series will feature industry experts who will discuss ongoing trends in power technology. The biweekly seminars will be held throughout 2022 and extend into 2024 and will set the stage for the next PSMA Power Technology Roadmap

he Power Sources Manufacturers Association (PSMA) announces a series of webinars as a lead-up to the next edition of the PSMA Power Technology Roadmap (PTR). The webinar series, organized by the PSMA Power Technology Roadmap Committee, will feature invited experts from different fields to offer a range of technological perspectives. In addition to setting the groundwork and providing input for the next PTR, the webinars will give participants access to expert opinions on technology trends and include a question and answer session at the end of each session.

As in previous seasons, the webinar series will include a number of highly regarded industry and academic experts covering a variety of topics covering components, systems, packaging and applications. The series began on July 28 with a presentation by Victor Veliadis of PowerAmerica "SiC Power Technology Status and Barriers to Overcome." A second webinar was held on August 25 presented by Professor Mike Ranram of Arizona State University "Coupled Electronic and Magnetic Systems for High Performance Power Electronics."  Webinars are scheduled for September and beyond covering a wide range of topics including horticultural lighting, the benefits of GaN in BLDC Motor Drives and many other topics.

Webinars are tentatively scheduled to be held every other Thursday from 10:00-11:00 a.m. US Central Time. For updates to the schedule and news of webinars that will be added, please visit: www.psma.com/technical-forums/roadmap/news-events and follow us on LinkedIn and Twitter. To join the PSMA mailing list to receive invitations to all upcoming webinars, sign up at  www.psma.com/webforms/psma-email PSMA gratefully acknowledges the generous support provided to the 2021-22 PTR series by the following underwriters: Gold - RECOM Power GmbH; Silver - Applied Materials, Infineon, Wolfspeed, Würth Elektronik. If your company is interested in underwriting the webinars in 2023, please contact the PSMA Office at power@psma.com.

The Power Technology Roadmap provides a consolidated outlook of trends in power conversion technology for the next two to five years. The trends provided in the report are intended to give a broad outlook of the power conversion technologies, components and applications. The complete Roadmap document has been published every two or three years, incorporating the content of the Roadmap Webinars Series conducted over the months prior to publication. The other content for the report is sourced from a wide range of recognized industry experts and comprises write-ups about trends in components, applications, emerging technologies and university research. It also includes a comprehensive projection of key metrics evolution in four selected power conversion technologies (ac-dc front-end power supplies, ac-dc external power supplies, isolated dc-dc converters and non-isolated dc-dc converters).

Conor Quinn of Advanced Energy and Dhaval Dalal of ACP Technologies, Power Technology Roadmap Committee Co-chairs, stated; "The PTR webinars provide a window into technology trends and the presentations are unique in terms of their diversity of perspectives, commercial-free tone and the opportunity they offer for the audience to interact with industry experts. We are always looking to enrich and expand our panel of webinar presenters and we welcome suggestions and proposals from prospective speakers." Joe Horzepa, PSMA Executive Director, added that the Committee "welcomes and invites subject matter experts who are willing to actively participate and contribute to the development of the next PSMA Power Technology Roadmap to contact the PSMA Association Office at power@psma.com."

Support of up to $1,000 offered to graduate and undergraduate students enrolled in power electronics programs to assist in attendance at APEC 2023

he joint sponsors of the Applied Power Electronics Conference (APEC) have announced the continuation of the popular Student Attendance Support Program of up to $1,000 to cover a portion of the expenses for eligible students to attend APEC 2023. Interested students must apply by October 26, 2022.

In its 18th year, this popular program, initiated by the Power Sources Manufacturers Association (PSMA), is now jointly underwritten by PSMA and the other co-sponsors of the APEC conference: the IEEE Power Electronics Society (PELS) and the IEEE Industry Applications society (IAS).

The recipients will be chosen by the APEC 2023 Student Attendance Support Committee. Application forms are available at APEC Attendance Support Application. The application criteria are:

• The applicant must be an undergraduate or graduate student enrolled in a power electronics program at an accredited institution.
• Only students who have not received attendance support in the past will be considered.
• The recipients must be an author or co-author of a paper that was accepted for presentation at APEC 2023.
• The recipient must attend APEC 2023 and submit expense receipts to the Committee for reimbursement.
• If APEC includes virtual attendance, registration will be the only reimbursable expense if a recipient attends virtually.
• Applications must be made and received by the Committee by October 26, 2022.
• The recipients will be notified by the Committee by November 22, 2022.

As part of the application process, students must provide information about their educational institution, degree program, the name of their faculty advisor and a brief description of their career interest and reasons for planning to attend APEC. The application also requires the title and ID number of their accepted APEC paper, as well as the name(s) of the co-author(s).

he PSMA Transportation Electronics Committee will offer an extraordinary Virtual Workshop in September 2022 which will be focused on the latest technologies, and future trends surrounding vehicle electrification. This two Session Workshop will be held on Tuesday September 13 and the following Tuesday September 20, both sessions will begin at 9:00 AM CDT (2:00 PM GMT). This workshop will be fine-tuned to address the needs of the engineer or manager involved in vehicle electrification. This includes not only those in the consumer Automotive industry, but also those in Off Road, and Heavy-Duty transportation industries.

Each of the 5-hour sessions will lead off with keynote speakers and conclude with Q&A and a roundtable discussion. The first session's Keynote will be offered by KIA motors with a presentation on the "Evolution of the EV Market."

The second Keynote session will include two presentations. The first will be offered by Fernando Salcedo of the Department of Energy (DOE), with an "Overview of Current EV Charging Projects Supported by the Department of Energy." And the second presentation will be by Ilias Belharouak of Oakridge National Laboratory with a presentation on "Materials to Help Battery Life. Recycling, Trends in testing - All chemistries."

There are a wide range of topics that will be addressed by experts in the field during the 2-day workshop, including the latest technologies in fast charging and wireless charging, what to do about high EMI, DC/DC Converter trends, Battery Testing and Management, and much, much more.

The full agenda for the workshop is available at https://www.psma.com/2022vehicle_workshop_agenda

The workshop sessions will be recorded, including the Q&A and roundtable discussions, and will be made available on-demand to registered attendees after the workshop. So, everyone who registers will have the opportunity at their leisure to view any of the presentations missed during the scheduled workshop as well presentations they are interested in seeing again.

"You don't want to miss this detailed, informative and amazing workshop," said Fred Weber, Workshop Chair. "This portfolio of topics on EV technologies is unique and superior anything on the market today. The virtual format brings all of this knowledge and information to you without having to travel to attend."

This workshop is being promoted along with ITEC+EATS 2022 for increased visibility. ITEC+EATS attendees will receive discounted registration for this workshop. Conversely, once you register for this workshop you will receive a discount to register for ITEC+EATS. Be sure to check out the details about the conference here: www.itec-conf.com . The 2022 conference will be held in Anaheim, CA on June 15-17, 2022.

The latest information on the workshop including the agenda and registration information is available on the PSMA website at: https://www.psma.com/technical-forums/transportation-power-electronics/workshop

You don't want to miss this detailed and amazing workshop. This portfolio is unmatched by anything on the market today. Sign up today.

Fred Weber PSMA Vehicle Electrification Workshop Chair

Power Magnetics @ High Frequency
Saturday March 18 2023
Prior to APEC 2023
Orange County Convention Center
Orlando, FL 32819

he PSMA Magnetics Committee and IEEE PELS are currently planning to conduct the eighth "Power Magnetics @ High Frequency" Workshop on Saturday, March 18, 2023, which is the day before and at the same venue as APEC 2023 in Orlando, FL. The 2023 workshop will build on the successful return to the in-person of the most recent Power Magnetics at High Frequency workshop that was held in Houston, TX in conjunction with APEC 2022.

The purpose and focus of this workshop are to identify the latest improvements in magnetic materials, coil (winding) design, construction and fabrication, evaluation and characterization techniques and modelling and simulation tools. The Workshop will target the advancements that are deemed necessary by the participants for power magnetics to meet the technical expectations and requirements of new and evolving market applications being driven by higher operating frequencies and emerging topologies together with continuous advances in circuits topologies and semi-conductor devices.

The target audiences for the 2023 Power Magnetics @ High Frequency workshop include the designers of power magnetic components for use in electronic power converters responsible to implement the most technologically advanced power magnetic components that are necessary to achieve higher power densities, specific physical aspect ratios such as low profile, higher power efficiencies and improved thermal performance. The target audiences also include people involved in the supply chain for the power magnetics industry ranging from manufacturers of magnetic materials and magnetic structures, fabricators of magnetic components, providers of modelling and simulation software as well as manufacturers of test and characterization equipment.

The theme of the 2023 Power Magnetics @ High Frequency workshop will be magnetic component design across applications ranging from milliwatts to megawatts. The workshop will address applications areas such as IoT, servers, integrated voltage regulators (IVR), transportation electrification, wireless charging for mobile and electric vehicles and solid-state transformers. The workshop will also include presentation and demonstrations to address specific technical issues relative to high voltage and high current design such as corona, insulation, encapsulation, etc., that were identified in the post workshop survey for the 2022 workshop. As with past workshops, the morning and afternoon sessions will open with keynote presentations that cover a wider range of topics and issues followed by lecture presentations on specific application areas or technical issues. In addition to the brief Q&A period after each individual lecture presentation there will be a panel of the presenters at the end of the session who will address topics requiring more detail as deemed by the workshop attendees.

During breakfast, lunch and the networking hour at the end of the workshop there will be an interactive session of tabletop technology demonstrations each addressing specific technical disciplines and capabilities consistent with the workshop agenda. Each technology demonstration station will include a ten-minute presentation at fifteen-minute intervals. Interaction between the attendees and the presenters is highly encouraged during this portion of agenda as a segue from the opening keynote presentation and the technical issues session.

The committee is currently developing the agenda for the 2023 Power Magnetics & High Frequency Workshop. The planned themes for the workshop include topics related to specific design areas such as the impact of insulation and isolation techniques to sustain high operating voltages and meet safety agency requirements in the morning and topics relative to manufacturing and reliability of power magnetic components in the afternoon sessions.

If you would like to participate as a presenter for the technical demonstration session, please contact the organizing committee through PSMA via e-mail to power@psma.com with a description of your proposed technical capabilities topic. We are limited to no more than ten technology demonstration stations.

The full details of the workshop structure and the presentations are currently in progress. If you are interested in being considered as a presenter on the impact of magnetic core geometry, physical dimensions, manufacturability, reliability and safety agency requirements on magnetic component design, characteristics, and parameters, please contact the organizing committee through PSMA via e-mail to power@psma.com.

More information including the agenda for the 2023 Power Magnetics @ High Frequency Workshop as well as registration for the workshop will become available on the PSMA website (www.psma.com/technical-forums/magnetics/workshop) over the coming months.

Organizing Committee
Steve Carlsen, Independent
Ed Herbert, PSMA
Chema Molina, Frenetic
Rodney Rogers, Allstar Magnetics
George Slama, Wurth Elektronik
Chuck Wild, Dexter Magnetic Technologies Inc.
Matt Wilkowski, EnaChip

Saturday March 18 2023
Prior to APEC 2023
Orange County Convention Center
Orlando, Florida

Capacitors have a major impact on your design. Attend this workshop to learn more about selecting the correct capacitors to help to improve design performance.

he PSMA Capacitor Committee is delighted to announce the 6th Annual Pre-APEC Capacitor Workshop sponsored by PSMA and IEEE PELS to be held on Saturday, March 18, 2023, which is the day before and at the same venue as APEC 2023 in Orlando, FL.

The 2023 workshop will continue the focus on the latest Capacitor technologies and applications to educate and to inform the industry about recent developments in the Capacitor Industry. Each year interest in the workshop grows and the valuable feedback from attendees is used for planning the next event. The first workshop, in 2018, introduced the basics, and the subsequent workshops have each gone into more details on the technologies and materials. For 2023, the workshop will focus on a question a lot of engineers ask themselves, "What is the impact of the capacitor in my design and how can the right capacitor help me to achieve proper compliance?"

The PSMA Capacitor Workshop Organizing Committee has a clear mission:

The PSMA Capacitor Committee Annual Workshop aligned with APEC has a mission to educate the attendees on capacitor trends, technologies, and innovations. Wherever and whenever applications need energy, Capacitors are at the spotlight, and as energy moves the world, it is incumbent for everyone to have a good understanding of capacitor issues. The PSMA Capacitor Committee is committed to educate and share the most recent information available to meet the industry's needs.

In 2023, our aim is to deliver value to everyone who is working with capacitors, from newbies to advanced designers of DC-DC converters, frequency drives, inverters, and other power conversation applications. Everyone working in the industry faces the same questions when it comes to capacitors. Maybe this situation sounds familiar: The application works as expected in the lab setting, but when it is installed and is operating 24/7 issues arise. Now the question is why? The workshop agenda will include presentations from a range of manufacturers, designers, and testing companies, as well as researchers from leading universities, to help you answer this question and avoid problems in the future.
Topics for the 2023 workshop include:

• Why products fail the EMC test and how capacitors can help to pass it,
• How can design efficiency be increased through proper capacitor selection,
• The impact of capacitors on sustainability,
• How an understanding of capacitor technology can help to recognize potential application issues,
• Overview of current and emerging capacitor technologies and their specific behaviors.

The organizers aim is to provide an optimal balance between practical content delivered by leading capacitor manufacturers and a view of technology advances offered by worldwide renowned universities. The agenda will include keynote presentations from recognized experts and technical presentations on ongoing advances in capacitor research and development. The workshop will also feature panel discussions with the presenters to address questions from attendees and to expand on the materials they presented. During breakfast, lunch and the end-of-day networking period there will be demonstrations of products, technologies, equipment, and measurements to highlight many of the key concepts discussed during the presentations.

The full details of the workshop structure and the presentations are currently in progress. Please contact Frank Puhane (Frank.Puhane@we-online.de) of the Organizing Committee if you have any specific areas or issues you would like to see addressed at the workshop or if you are interested in being considered as a workshop presenter.

The latest information on the agenda as well as registration information of the workshop will become available on the PSMA website at: http://www.psma.com/technical-forums/capacitor/workshop over the coming months.

Provided by members of the Capacitor Workshop Organizing Committee:
Frank Puhane, Wurth Electronics
Stephan Menzel, CapXon
Andrew Mikulski, Yageo

February 1-3, 2023
Hosted by Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

SMA invites you to attend the Fourth Biennial International Symposium on 3D Power Electronics Integration and Manufacturing (3D-PEIM-2023). This Symposium provides the opportunity to receive an update on the latest technology  focused on increasing the density and the performance of power solutions. Discover the latest advances in the integration of  design, packaging and manufacturing of 3D power sources.  Technical Session topics include modeling, active and passive components, substrates, packaging and how to integrate them with 3D manufacturing technologies to create state of the art power sources.

The Symposium will be held February 1-3, 2023, at Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA., offering an opportunity to get a "winter warm-up" on Florida's enticing beaches.

Created and supported by the PSMA's Packaging & Manufacturing Committee, 3D-PEIM will feature invited papers highlighted by plenary and keynote addresses and contributed presentations by Industry and Academia experts. Speakers will address mechanical, materials, reliability, and manufacturability issues. There will also be Exhibits and an Exhibit Sponsor's Session. Ample opportunities will be provided to network with attendees, speakers and exhibitors.

The Symposium is headlined with an outstanding list of Plenary Speakers comprised of International Power Technology leaders from Industry and Academia.

Plenary Speakers:

Professor Fred C. Lee, Virginia Tech, USA, "PCB based Integrated Magnetics."
Professor Katsuaki Suganuma, University of Osaka, Japan, "Superior Heat Dissipation by Low-pressure Ag Sinter Joining and Real-time AI Lifetime Prediction for SiC Power Module."
Dr Michael Guyenot, Bosch, "Highly Integrated Low Inductance SiC Power Modules."
Dr. Brandon Passmore, Wolfspeed, "Finite-Element Predictive Modeling for Power Modules."
Dr. Mahadevan Iyer, Amkor, "Emerging Power Electronics Packaging and System Integration for Automotive Applications"

Program at a Glance:

• IVR for Computers and Servers; Chair: Siddarth Ravichandran, Chipletz
• Multiphysics Design & Tools; Chair:            Rajen Murugan, Texas Instruments
• Additive Manufacturing; Chair:Peter Friedrichs, Infineon
• Manufacturing Technologies; Chair:   Jason Rouse, Corning
• Materials I Interconnects & Lead Attachments; Chair: Andy Mackie, Indium Corporation
• Materials II Substrates & Encapsulants; Chair: Ninad Shahane, Texas Instruments
• High Power Module Integration; Chair: Cyril Buttay, Laboratoire Ampère, Lyon
• Thermal Management and Reliability; Chair:Patrick McCluskey, University of Maryland
• Passive Component Integration; Chair: John Bultitude, KEMET Corporation
• Low Power & Telemetry; Chair: Shubhendu Bhardwaj, Florida International University
• Tour of FIU Labs; Chair: Markondeyaraj Pulugurtha, Florida International University

The General Chair is Dr. Markondeyaraj Pulugurtha of the Florida International University (FIU). Technical Program Co-Chairs are Dr. John Bultitude of Kemet, a Yageo Company, and Dr. Vanessa Smet from Georgia Tech.

Registration is NOW OPEN at Registration - 3D PEIM (3d-peim.org)

For additional information visit  http://www.3d-peim.org

You are invited to sign up for Partnership Tabletop Exhibit Opportunities
Each Exhibit Partner has the opportunity to present products at the Symposium and on a 3D-PEIM Virtual Tabletop Website page. To learn more and sign up as an Exhibit Partner, visit http://www.3d-peim.org/sponsors-exhibitors/.

Provided by:
Brian Narveson & Arnold Alderman,
3D-PEIM 2023 Committee Members

November 7 – 9 2022

he 9th Annual IEEE / PSMA Workshop on Wide Bandgap Power Devices and Applications (WiPDA) is brought to you by the IEEE Power Electronics Society (PELS), the Power Supply Manufacturer's Association (PSMA), and the IEEE Electron Devices Society (EDS) and provides engineers and scientists with opportunities to share their expertise in wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor technology.

The workshop is returning to an in-person event from November 7 – 9, 2022 at the Sonesta Redondo Beach and Marina in Redondo Beach, California.

WiPDA provides a unique forum for device scientists, circuit designers, & application engineers from the Power Electronics & Electron Devices Societies to share technology updates, research findings, experience & potential applications. The workshop covers multiple tracks including silicon carbide (SiC) power devices, SiC applications, gallium nitride (GaN) power devices, GaN applications, Gallium Nitride (GaN) RF devices and applications and International Technology Roadmap for Wide Bandgap Power Semiconductors) (ITRW).  Topics in emerging WBG materials are also of interest.

WiPDA 2022 will feature papers within the following areas of interest:

• Heteroepitaxial & Bulk Materials Growth
• Gate Dielectrics & Surface Passivation
• Device Structures & Fabrication Techniques
• Device Characterization & Modeling
• Very-High Efficiency Or Compact Converters
• Safe Operating Areas Of Wide Bandgap Devices, including Short Circuit, Spike, &Transient Tolerance
• Harsh Environment (High Temperature) Operation & Reliability
• Packaging Power Modules & ICs
• Gate Drive & Other Auxiliary Circuits
• High-Performance Passive Components
• Hard-Switched & Soft-Switched Application Analysis
• Applications in Renewable Energy & Energy Storage, Transportation, Industrial Drives, Grid Power Systems, Space and Aerospace
• Wide Bandgap System Design Philosophies & Strategies
• Radio Frequency (RF) GaN
• Technology Roadmap of Wide Bandgap Including Devices, Applications and Packaging

Participation Opportunities:

• Tutorials: Will be offered on November 7th by experts in the field of WBG device, applications, and systems.
• Keynote Sessions: Held on November 8th and November 9th bring together leading experts and executives to provide their visions of WBG opportunities
• Panel Discussions: Leading experts on GaN and SiC will examine key technology and market topics during the panel discussions.
• Exhibitions and Sponsors: Exhibitor and corporate sponsorship opportunities are available. Contact exhibitsatwipdaus@gmail.com for more information.

The General Chair, Andrea Gorgerino, Director of Global FAEs at Efficient Power Conversion, and the organizing committee are excited to provide our sponsors and valued audience members with an opportunity to share the latest in device and applications of WBG technology.  We look forward to seeing everyone in person in Redondo Beach!

Please subscribe to stay informed of the latest news and receive deadline reminders for WiPDA 2022. For sponsorship opportunities contact exhibitsatwipdaus@gmail.com. Also, join the conversation with the WiPDA group on LinkedIn.

Provided by Renee Yawger WiPDA 2022 Publicity Chair

ower supplies are everywhere, an essential part of all electronic equipment. Whether powered by battery or from the grid, there are as many power solutions as there are applications. From body sensors powered by harvested energy to high power systems for medical imageries such as MRI, medical power supplies, all have a common requirement to be safe, reliable and energy efficient. While the large majority of medical equipment requires conventional power supplies compatible with their operating environment, in effect running a marathon by delivering steady power day after day during their lifetime, there are certain categories of applications that require a power supply able to deliver peak power, either occasionally or repetitively. For these applications medical equipment manufacturers must consider a number of parameters to ensure that the power supply they select will be able to not only run a marathon but in certain specific applications be able to perform a sprint race without compromising safety, performance or reliability.

What to consider when a marathon requires sprint race performance?

While it is assumed for medical equipment manufacturers that a power supply must comply with safety standards (EN/IEC 60601-1), the output performance is very much dependent on the final equipment's load behavior. While in monitoring and supervising systems the power consumption remains relatively stable and easy to predict, in medical equipment such as medicalized beds, infusion pumps, assisted patient ventilation that includes DC motors, and electromechanical-switches behaving as inductive or capacitive loads, the power supply may at times have to deliver extra power for a period of few milliseconds to seconds (Figure 01).  Though the duration time for peak power may be considered short compared to a normal operating time, it still needs to be seriously considered to avoid costly surprises.

Figure 01 – Infusion pumps and typical peak load behavior (Source: PRBX/ Superstar-Shutterstock)

Loads types in short:

Inductive load: Loads such as motors and electromagnetic switches (e.g., relays, magnet switches) with an inductive characteristic are referred to as inductive loads. At the moment of applying a voltage to a DC-motor, a current multiple times the rated value will flow through the load; while at the moment of cutting the voltage off, due to the inductive component of the load, a voltage of counter electromotive force E= -L× (di / dt) will be generated. Generally, when applying a voltage to an inductive load the power supply can sustain the energy required by the peak demand only up the limit of its overcurrent protection (OCP) function (Figure 02). Exceeding the limit, even if only for a very short time, can cause the power supply to stop. This is the reason why the peak load must be well defined in order to select an appropriate power supply with an overcurrent protection that allows the surge power for a definite time and sequence. Also, when turning the output voltage off, due to the counter electromotive force generated (in most cases, it is absorbed by the electrolytic capacitors in the power supply), the overvoltage protection circuit of the power supply may be triggered, and the power supply cease output. In this case measures such as including a reverse voltage protection diode should be exercised.

Capacitive load: A load with a capacitance component is called a capacitive load. For example, the capacitors inserted for the purpose of reducing the ripple voltage of the power supply, and capacitors used for coping with peak loads, etc. For this kind of load, at the moment of applying a voltage a very large charging current ipeak = (V/R) with R being the (parasitic) series resistance, will flow due to there being no charge in the capacitor. Although the power supply can detect and control the output voltage, if a large value capacitor (over several tens of thousands of microfarads) is inserted into the output side, such control may not be able to realize what is happening, and the output voltage may become unstable. It is important for system designers to consider the total amount of capacitance installed in their equipment and to verify the power supply's ability to deliver the required peak energy needed to efficiently charge the load which in some applications could be several Farads.

Figure 02 – Typical overcurrent protection curves (Source: PRBX/ COSEL)

Constant current load: A load where the current stays constant although the load voltage varies is called a constant current load, an example being LED lighting in surgical theaters. It is important to consider the type of overcurrent protection built into the power supply. If for example the overcurrent protection characteristic of the power supply is a current fold back type, the output voltage may not be able to rise (Figure 02). This is because the output voltage stabilizes on the drooping line of the overcurrent protection characteristic of the power supply from applying a voltage to reaching the rated voltage. Generally, by changing the overcurrent protection characteristic to a maximum current limiting type the problem can be solved.

Non Linear Resistive: Some equipment uses heating elements or lamps with filaments where the resistance changes when current flows through it.  Though this warm up phase with a monotonic resistance change might only last for a short time, for the power supply it may look like a constant current exceeding the threshold value for its built-in overcurrent protection.
Overcurrent protection is a very important part of a power supply. It guarantees the power unit in the case of an excess power situation that may occur accidentally or as result of an equipment failure, will protect the equipment and will eventually flag the fault by way of a signal to the operator, e.g. a LED or a signal transmitted by the communication BUS.

Overcurrent protection overview
As previously explained, when the output current/power exceeds a defined limit, several types of damage could occur within the power supply or in the equipment being powered. Besides preventing the current from exceeding a rated value, the protection circuit also plays the role of limiting short circuit current. Depending on the type of application and specific system requirements, when OCP is activated a number of effects may result, the output could be switched off permanently with a manual reset, switched off temporarily with an automatic reset, or behave as a fixed, but safe level constant current (Figure 02).

Figure 03 – Peak current at startup when charging capacitors (Source: PRBX)

110% is good enough for the vast majority of applications though in the case of demanding medical equipment requiring peak power levels in the range of 200-300% for seconds, 110% will not suffice, requiring a power supply designed not only to deliver a high peak power, but to guarantee the highest reliability during the overall lifetime of the final equipment.

Running a marathon at sprint performance levels!
A simple way to guarantee the power supply will deliver enough energy when extra surge power is required is to choose a power unit rated for the maximum power required during the peak demand. For example, if the maximum steady power required by an apparatus is 500W and the peak is 1000W, then taking into consideration the operating conditions e.g., input voltage, environmental temperature, derating, etc., the system designer could consider a 1200W power supply as the most suitable solution.

This seems to be obvious, but is overkill when the peak is only happening occasionally. For example when a DC motor is activated for positioning a patient's bed then switched off and the power supply is again only powering the control system. Similarly this would be overkill for systems requiring repetitive peak loads for a limited time compared to steady state power.

Choosing a power supply for peak load applications requires one to evaluate the operating conditions during the lifetime of the equipment, and to take into consideration all aspects including size, weight and price. Buying a 1200W power supply, when peak load represents only a limited portion of the operation, might not be the best option.

Power supply manufacturers have developed power solutions able to deliver significant extra power in the range of twice nominal, or even more than the maximum rated, for a significant duration. This requires the power unit to be designed to host enough capacitors (Figure 04) but also to have a power-train able to sustain repetitive peak demands without over-heating or adversely affecting reliability.

Figure 04 – Design equation to guarantee output capacitors to sustain required peak energy (Source: PRBX)

As an example, consider the output voltage behavior of the COSEL 600W AEA600F series (Figure 05) when applying a peak load to the output. The tested product is a 600W rated power unit, delivering 24V at a nominal current of 25A. As presented in Figure 06, the power-train and output capacitors have been selected to sustain a peak power twice nominal for a duration of 1000 milliseconds. Two conditions are represented in Figure 06: From no load to 52.5A peak, and from 12.25A half-load to 52.5A peak. In both conditions, the voltage remains within the specified limits, and OCP is not shutting down the output.

Figure 05 – COSEL 600W power supply for medical applications with peak load capacity up to 300% (Source: PRBX/COSEL/WHYFRAME-Shutterstock)

Figure 06 – COSEL AEA600F peak load test in two conditions (0 to 200% and 50% to 200% load) (Source: PRBX/COSEL)

Conclusion
Running a marathon with sprint-race performance levels in medical power supplies is a reality, and while the great variety of applications require different types of power supplies, technology is making it easier for system designers to choose the right products for their applications. This is without mentioning the fantastic opportunities brought about by new technologies such as Wide Band Gap semiconductors, Supercapacitors, and digital control coming to the next generation of power supplies, and making power designers' lives so exciting.

References:

Powerbox (PRBX):
https://www.prbx.com/

COSEL
https://en.cosel.co.jp/

Provided by Patrick Le Fèvre Chief Marketing and Communications Officer, Powerbox

e don't think of the switches we use in our everyday lives as having a direction: a light switch turns the light on or off, even though it is powered by alternating current (ac). But in the world of semiconductors, most switches are not bidirectional, and this makes many forms of circuitry more complex than they would be if cost-effective bidirectional switches (BDSs) were available. So that's what we're working on at Infineon.

Fig. 1. Limitations of single MOSFETs for ac switching.

The challenge with most semiconductor switches is that they are inherently unidirectional, only controlling current flow in the first and third quadrants of the ac cycle, as shown in Fig. 1.

There are several well-established BDS circuits, as seen in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Common topologies of semiconductor ac switches.

What do these have in common? They all integrate multiple devices (at least two and up to five) to create a BDS. These switches also suffer from on-state voltage offsets caused by the series diode and/or the IGBT, which cause conduction losses. And low-resistance diodes, which circuit designers prefer for these topologies to minimize those losses, are costly.

Infineon's response to this challenge takes advantage of the work we have done developing gallium nitride high electron mobility transistors (GaN HEMTs). We use GaN because it is a wide-bandgap semiconductor, which can sustain higher voltages, switching frequencies, and operating temperatures than silicon (Si). Fig. 3 shows a cross-section of one of our GaN HEMTs.

Fig. 3. Cross-section of a GaN HEMT from Infineon.

Because it is difficult to make GaN crystals in commercial wafer sizes, we use silicon as a substrate. We then grow a thin layer of aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN) on top of a thicker layer of GaN that has already been grown on top of that silicon substrate. The differing electrical properties of the AlGaN and GaN layers lead to the formation of a two-dimensional electron gas at the top of the GaN layer, which acts as the device's channel and provides the performance advantages of high electron mobility.

Fig. 4. Two GaN HEMTs connected back-to-back.

We could build a BDS by connecting two GAN HEMTs back-to-back, as in Fig. 4, but it would entail integrating two bare die or interconnecting two packaged parts, with the associated costs and reliability issues.

Rather than do this, Infineon has integrated two GaN HEMTs into a monolithic BDS, illustrated in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5. Two GaN HEMTs integrated into a monolithic BDS.

Fig. 6. Equivalent circuit of the monolithic GaN device.

The gates of the two devices now share one channel, their drains are merged, and the device can control current in all four quadrants of the ac cycle using only those two gates. Fig. 6[1] shows the equivalent circuit of the monolithic device.

The concept for this device originated in work done by Infineon's GaN partner Panasonic.[1] However, Infineon has carried the work forward, overcoming certain limitations in the original concept, and taken the lead in commercializing the monolithic GaN BDS.

This device's architecture and implementation has several advantages. It doesn't accumulate and then have to dissipate a reverse recovery charge (QRR) during switching, which takes time and leads to heating losses in other device architectures. Minimizing the "deadtime" caused by this charge dissipation process also means that the device can be switched at higher frequencies than is possible with devices that have a high QRR. This in turn allows the resonant components of power conversion circuits, such as capacitors and inductors, to be smaller.

The high electron mobility of the GaN device's channel means it is highly area efficient, achieving the same RDS(ON) as a silicon device in a quarter of the die area. The GaN BDS also offers lower—and more linear—input, output, and reverse-transfer capacitances than silicon equivalents making the device easier to drive in switching and commutation applications.

The GaN BDS has other advantages. The product of its on-resistance and output capacitance (RDS(ON) x COSS) is about half that of an equivalent switching function built using back-to-back silicon superjunction MOSFETs. The product of its on-resistance and output charge (RDS(ON) x QOSS) is one tenth that of the silicon approach, and the product of its on-resistance and the energy dissipated by COSS (RDSON x EOSS) is 1.3 times less than in silicon.

The benefits of the reduction of these factors compared to silicon devices is revealed in the practical switching characteristics of a GaN HEMT BDS. In a soft-switching boost converter design, switching at 500 kHz with a peak current of 1.8 A, the device delivered essentially clean output waveforms. The same is true in a double-pulse setup, hard switching 400 V at 1 MHz with a peak current of 6 A (Fig. 7).

Fig. 7. Output waveforms when switching 400 V at 1 MHz and 6 A. Note the limited ringing.

The GaN HEMT BDS has several additional advantages over the silicon alternatives. Its monolithic format means designers don't have to specify and integrate up to five silicon devices to achieve the same BDS functionality, reducing packaging and assembly costs while also increasing reliability. Gate-drive characteristics are like those of the silicon alternative, although the GaN BDS device does need an additional supply to act as a separate reference voltage for its second source terminal.

The area efficiency of GaN devices leads to smaller devices and therefore denser target implementations; we're beginning to see the effect of this in the latest generation of laptop chargers. The GaN BDS can also handle higher switching frequencies and faster transients than silicon, reducing the size of associated magnetic components, electromagnetic interference issues, and related mitigation costs, and enabling denser designs.

We believe this technology will first be used to replace silicon circuitry in applications such as power factor correction, where it is a good match for the Vienna rectifier topology; in matrix and cyclo-converter circuits; and in disconnect switches. We also think it will be a good fit in new areas, such as single-stage conversion between dc and ac, ac and ac, and dc and dc, as well as in HV and LV current source inverters. Beyond this is uncharted territory.

However, before we try to reach that territory, we need to speed up the adoption of GaN HEMT BDSs, find ways to manage any thermal issues that arise from packing such relatively high-power devices into such small packages, and explore ways of integrating GaN driver circuitry into the BDS itself to achieve further performance improvements from an all-GaN device.

Infineon is currently sampling its GaN HEMT BDSs with plans to begin full production sometime in 2024 utilizing its next-generation CoolGaN technology platform.

References:

1. "650 V 3.1 mΩcm2 GaN-based Monolithic Bidirectional Switch Using Normally-off Gate Injection Transistor" by Tatsuo Morita, Manabu Yanagihara, Hidetoshi Ishida, Masahiro Hikita, Kazuhiro Kaibara, Hisayoshi Matsuo, Yasuhiro Uemoto, Tetsuzo Ueda, Tsuyoshi Tanaka and Daisuke Ueda, 2007 International Electron Devices Meeting.
2. "Efficacy of GaN-on-Si Technology for Realizing Commercially Viable Monolithic Bi-Directional Switches" by Mohamed Imam, Bhargav Pandya, Hyeongnam Kim, Ken Leong, Fabrizio Dicone, and Thomas Beer, Industry Session presentation, APEC 2022.
3. "Evaluation of a New Monolithic Bidirectional 600 V GaN Switch For Future Three-Phase T-Type PFC Rectifier and Inverter Systems" by F. Vollmaier, N. Nain, J. Huber, J. W. Kolar, K. K. Leong, and B. Pandya, IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE 2021).
4. "A Seven-Switch Current-Source Inverter Using Wide Bandgap Dual-Gate Bidirectional Switches" by H. Dai, R. A. Torres, J. Gossmann, W. Lee, T. M. Jahns, and B. Sarlioglu, IEEE Transactions On Industry Applications, Vol. 58, No. 3, May/June 2022.

Author: Mohamed Imam, Director of the Chandler/Arizona GaN Concept Engineering Design Center of Infineon Technologies Americas

Editor's Note: This article was first published in the July 2022 issue of How2Power Today
(http://www.how2power.com/newsletters/index.php).

If you or anyone in your company is interested in getting on the distribution list for future issues of PSMA UPDATE, please send e-mail to: power@psma.com. Be sure to include your name and the name of your company.